Herramientas moleculares utilizadas para el análisis metagenómico. Revisión
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22319/rmcp.v11i4.5202Palabras clave:
Marcador molecular, Gen 16S rRNA, Metagenómica, Diversidad microbiana, Secuenciación de alto rendimientoResumen
La metagenómica utiliza técnicas de biología molecular para analizar la diversidad de los genomas microbianos (metagenomas). La diversidad de los metagenomas se ha analizado mediante marcadores moleculares para clasificar bacterias y arqueas en grupos taxonómicos a nivel de género. Entre los marcadores moleculares más utilizados se encuentran los genes ribosomales, genes que codifican subunidades del citocromo C y algunos genes constitutivos (gyrB, rpoB, rpoD, recA, atpD, infB, groEL, pmoA, sodA). El marcador más utilizado es el gen 16S rRNA para clasificar bacterias y arqueas de muestras metagenómicas, aunque no permite clasificar de forma adecuada algunas secuencias. Sin embargo, con la secuenciación del gen completo 16S rRNA se identifican todas las secuencias de las regiones hipervariables, por lo que se ha logrado clasificar hasta nivel taxonómico de especie con este marcador molecular. La secuenciación de próxima generación, también llamada secuenciación masiva o de alto rendimiento ha ayudado a describir metagenomas complejos como los de muestras ambientales, con importancia ecológica, así como metagenomas que crecen en ambientes extremos. También han ayudado a estudios relacionados con sanidad animal y en humanos, y en el ámbito agroalimentario. Específicamente, tanto el uso del marcador molecular 16S rRNA como la secuenciación de alta eficiencia combinadas con el uso de las herramientas bioinformáticas para el análisis metagenómico se han usado para describir el metagenoma ruminal, una comunidad microbiana de gran importancia debido a que está involucrada en la producción animal de carne y leche. A pesar de los muchos estudios que se han realizado en este campo, aún faltan microorganismos por descubrir y caracterizar.Descargas
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